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NHỮNG ĐIỀU CẦN BIẾT KHI MUA ĐẤT NỀN DỰ ÁN ĐỂ TRÁNH MẤT TIỀN OAN

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Theo quy định tại Luật đất đai 2012; Luật kinh doanh bất động sản 2014; Nghị định 43/2014/NĐ-CP quy định thì đất nền được hiểu:

“Là những lô đất hay vị trí đất mà chưa có bất kỳ tác động nào làm thay đổi biến dạng như đào bới, san lấp,..  Cụ thể như đất đã xây nhà, đất làm công trình sẽ không được gọi là đất nền nữa. Đất nền dự án là những lô đất nằm trong quy hoạch, trong một quỹ đất mà chủ đầu tư đang thực hiện chuẩn bị làm cơ sở hạ tầng, nghĩa là đang ở trong tình trạng chưa tác động gì đến đất”.

Nhà phố dự án Phố Thương Mại Lộc Phát Bình Dương (ảnh minh họa)

Việc rao bán đất nền dự án cần tuân thủ quy định pháp luật về thủ tục pháp lý; tính thanh khoản tài chính của các chủ đầu tư; quy hoạch, kế hoạch phân lô bán nền của UBND;… Nhưng, gần đây nhiều nhà đầu tư đã sử dụng lỗ hổng giữa các quy định này để bán đất nền dự án trái quy định pháp luật diễn ra khá phổ biến;

Để tránh những rủi ro pháp lý khi đầu tư vào dự án thì sau đây mình sẽ tổng hợp những lưu ý cần thiết để ai có dự định đầu tư vào dự án đất nền trách được rủi ro sau này:

* Lưu ý khi mua đất nền:

– Tìm hiểu tư cách pháp lý của đơn vị chào bán;

Xem xét năng lực của chủ đầu tư, tìm hiểu dự án liệu đã hoàn thiện về cơ sở hạ tầng, đã cấm mốc ranh giới, đánh dấu đo đạc, thiết kế được Sở Xây dựng phê duyệt hay chưa;

– Tìm hiểu hồ sơ, giấy tờ rõ ràng;

Chú ý giấy tờ khi giao dịch, nên thực hiện dựa trên hướng dẫn của nhân viên kinh doanh sàn phân phối, cá nhân môi giới.

Tuy nhiên, bạn cần đề nghị xem giấy ủy quyền môi giới về việc ký kết hợp đồng để đảm bảo tính pháp lý.

–  Tìm hiểu quy hoạch và hạ tầng của thửa đất phân lô bán nền;

Kiểm tra tính pháp lý của đất nền, bằng cách xem dự án đã được phê duyệt qui hoạch chi tiết tỉ lệ 1/500 và  có quyết định giao đất của các cấp có thẩm quyền chưa?

Thay đổi quy hoạch là tình trạng không hiếm, nên lúc giao dịch, khách hàng cần thương lượng rõ ràng vấn đề này với bên bán, và phải đưa vào văn bản chính thức.

– Tìm hiểu nội dung hợp đồng trước khi đặt cọc;

Có câu nói dân gian “Bút xa gà chết” nên trước khi bạn quyết định ký vào một bản hợp đồng thì nên xem kĩ nội dung có bất lợi cho mình hay không? Có điều gì chưa rõ cần yêu cầu làm rõ vì khi đã ký, tức bạn sẽ phải chịu trách nhiệm trước giao dịch của mình;

Khi làm hợp đồng, cần chú ý ghi rõ và đầy đủ những thông tin quan trọng như giá, cách thanh toán, thời hạn thanh toán, thời hạn bàn giao, các mức phạt đền bù thiệt hại trong trường hợp người mua nộp trễ phí, chủ đầu tư vi phạm tiến độ, thay đổi quy hoạch…

Ngoài ra, người mua cần tham khảo tại Quyết định 60/2017/QĐ-UBND TP.Hồ Chí Minh về diện tích tối thiểu được tách thửa;

*Lưu ý về thủ tục mua dự án đất nền:

– Trước khi mua cần tìm hiểu dự án đã được cấp phép phân lô bán nền hay chưa? 

Thông thường: 

+ Chủ dự án sẽ hoàn thành kết cấu hạ tầng cơ bản, thanh toán nghĩa vụ tài chính về thuế, phí;

+ Làm văn bản xin ý kiến UBND huyện nơi có dự án; để UBND xem xét và ra quyết định bằng văn bản cho phép bán đất nền;

=> Sau khi có quyết định thì việc bán đất nền dự án mới đúng theo quy định pháp luật;

– Về hợp đồng:

+Chủ đầu tư sẽ bán đất cho khách dưới dạng hợp đồng cọc, hợp tác, hợp đồng góp vốn;

Lúc này, người mua sẽ thanh toán tiền đất theo dạng trả góp và sẽ chịu trách nhiệm xây dựng căn nhà theo thiết kế của chủ đầu tư (đã có sẵn);

Sau khi ký hợp đồng dạng này, thành quả mà người mua thu được là được nhận nhà, đất và được chủ đầu tư tiến hành làm thủ tục sang tên, thông qua hình thức phân chia sản phẩm.

Tuy nhiên việc này có thể rắc rối, bởi khi xảy ra tranh chấp khởi kiện, pháp luật rất khó bảo đảm quyền lợi cho người mua (bởi bản chất của việc mua bán là chuyển nhượng, chứ không phải góp vốn, trong khi đó trên giấy tờ lại ghi góp vốn).

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